Like its predecessors, the ninth edition of this text reflects Rick Schaefer's mission to bring readers a comprehensive, up-to-date presentation that teaches them how to think critically about society and their own lives from a wide range of classical and contemporary perspectives. Combining balanced coverage of theory with current research findings, distinctive social policy sections, examples of interest to students, and abundant learning aids and exercises, this text will help students develop a sociological imagination.



Preliminary Table of Contents

List of Boxes

List of Social Policy Sections

List of Maps

Preface

Part 1. The Sociological Perspective

1. UNDERSTANDING SOCIOLOGY

WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY?

The Sociological Imagination

Photo Essay: Are You What You Own?

Sociology and the Social Sciences

Sociology and Common Sense

WHAT IS SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY?

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

Early Thinkers

?mile Durkheim

Max Weber

Karl Marx

Modern Developments

MAJOR THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES

Functionalist Perspective

Conflict Perspective

Interactionist Perspective

The Sociological Approach

APPLIED AND CLINICAL SOCIOLOGY

Research in Action: Looking at Sports from Three Theoretical Perspectives

DEVELOPING A SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION

Theory in Practice

Research in Action

The Significance of Social Inequality

Speaking across Race, Gender, and National Boundaries

Sociology in the Global Community: Women in Public Places Worldwide

Social Policy throughout the World

APPENDIX: CAREERS IN SOCIOLOGY

2. SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD?

Defining the Problem

Reviewing the Literature

Formulating the Hypothesis

Collecting and Analyzing Data

Developing the Conclusion

In Summary: The Scientific Method

MAJOR RESEARCH DESIGNS

Surveys

Research in Action: Framing Survey Questions about Interracial Friendships

Observation

Experiments

Use of Existing Sources

ETHICS OF RESEARCH

Sociology on Campus: Does Hard Work Lead to Better Grades?

The The Right to Know versus the Right to Privacy

Preserving Confidentiality

Neutrality and Politics in Research

TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Taking Sociology to Work: Paul Donato, Chief Research Officer, Nielsen Media Research

SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: Studying Human Sexuality

APPENDIX I: USING STATISTICS, TABLES, AND GRAPHS

APPENDIX II: WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT

Part 2. Organizing Social Life

3. CULTURE

CULTURE AND SOCIETY

DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE AROUND THE WORLD

Cultural Universals

Innovation

Globalization, Diffusion, and Technology

Sociology in the Global Community: Life in the Global Village

Sociobiology

ELEMENTS OF CULTURE

Language

Norms

Sanctions

Values

CULTURE AND THE DOMINANT IDEOLOGY

CULTURAL VARIATION

Aspects of Cultural Variation

Sociology on Campus: A Culture of Cheating?

Attitudes toward Cultural Variation

SOCIAL POLICY AND CULTURE: Bilingualism

4. SOCIALIZATION

THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATION

Social Environment: The Impact of Isolation

The Influence of Heredity

THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATION

Sociological Approaches to the Self

Psychological Approaches to the Self

Sociology on Campus: Impression Management by Students

SOCIALIZATION AND THE LIFE COURSE

The Life Course

Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization

AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

Family

Sociology in the Global Community: Raising Amish Children

School

Peer Group

Mass Media and Technology

Workplace

The State

SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIALIZATION: Child Care around the World

5. SOCIAL INTERACTION AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE

SOCIAL INTERACTION AND REALITY

Defining and Reconstructing Reality

Negotiated Order

ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Statuses

Social Roles

Social Inequality: Disability as a Master Status

Groups

Social Networks and Technology

Research in Action: Social Networks among Low-Income Women

Social Institutions

SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE

Durkheim?s Mechanical and Organic Solidarity

T?nnies?s Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

Lenski?s Sociocultural Evolution Approach

SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE: The AIDS Crisis

6. GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS

UNDERSTANDING GROUPS

Types of Groups

Research in Action: Pizza Delivery Employees as a Secondary Group

Studying Small Groups

UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONS

Formal Organizations and Bureaucracies

Characteristics of a Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy and Organizational Culture

Research in Action: Bureaucracy and Its Consequences at NASA

Sociology in the Global Community: Amway the Chinese Way

Voluntary Associations

Organizational Change

TECHNOLOGY?S IMPACT ON THE WORKPLACE

Telecommuting

Electronic Communication

SOCIAL POLICY AND ORGANIZATIONS: The State of the Unions

7. THE MASS MEDIA

SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE MEDIA

Functionalist View

Conflict View

Social Inequality: The Color of Network TV

Feminist View

Interactionist View

THE AUDIENCE

Who Is in the Audience?

The Segmented Audience

Audience Behavior

THE MEDIA INDUSTRY

Media Concentration

The Media?s Global Reach

Sociology in the Global Community: Al Jazeera Is on the Air

SOCIAL POLICY AND MASS MEDIA: Media Violence

8. DEVIANCE AND SOCIAL CONTROL

SOCIAL CONTROL

Conformity and Obedience

Informal and Formal Social Control

Law and Society

DEVIANCE

What Is Deviance?

Deviance and Social Stigma

Sociology on Campus: Binge Drinking

Photo Essay: Who Is Deviant?

Explaining Deviance

Social Inequality: Discretionary Justice

CRIME

Types of Crime

Taking Sociology to Work: Tiffany Zapata-Mancilla, Victim Witness

Specialist, Cook county State?s Attorney?s Office

Crime Statistics

SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL CONTROL: Gun Control

Part 3. Social Inequality

9. STRATIFICATION AND SOCIAL MOBILITY IN THE UNITED STATES

UNDERSTANDING STRATIFICATION

Systems of Stratification

Sociology in the Global Community: Under Pressure: The Caste System in India

Perspectives on Stratification

Is Stratification Universal?

STRATIFICATION BY SOCIAL CLASS

Measuring Social Class

Wealth and Income

Poverty

Research in Action: When Jobs Disappear

Life Chances

SOCIAL MOBILITY

Open versus Closed Stratification Systems

Types of Social Mobility

Social Mobility in the United States

SOCIAL POLICY AND STRATIFICATION: Rethinking Welfare in North

America and Europe

10. SOCIAL INEQUALITY WORLDWIDE

STRATIFICATION IN THE WORLD SYSTEM

The Legacy of Colonialism

Multinational Corporations

Modernization

STRATIFICATION WITHIN NATIONS: A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE

Distribution of Wealth and Income

Prestige

Social Inequality: Stratification in Japan

Social Mobility

Sociology in the Global Community: The Informal Economy

CASE STUDY: STRATIFICATION IN MEXICO

Race Relations in Mexico: The Color Hierarchy

The Status of Women in Mexico

Mexico?s Economy and Environment

The Borderlands

SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY WORLDWIDE: Universal Human Rights

11. RACIAL AND ETHNIC INEQUALITY

MINORITY, RACIAL, AND ETHNIC GROUPS

Minority Groups

Race

Ethnicity

Research in Action: Prejudice against Arab Americans and Muslim Americans

PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION

Prejudice

Discriminatory Behavior

The Privileges of the Dominant

Institutional Discrimination

STUDYING RACE AND ETHNICITY

Functionalist Perspective

Conflict Perspective

Taking Sociology to Work: Prudence Hannis, Researcher and Community

Activist, Quebec Native Women

Interactionist Perspective

PATTERNS OF INTERGROUP RELATIONS

Amalgamation

Assimilation

Segregation

Pluralism

RACE AND ETHNICITY IN THE UNITED STATES

Racial Groups

Ethnic Groups

Social Inequality: The Latino Middle Class

SOCIAL POLICY AND RACE AND ETHNICITY: Global Immigration

12. STRATIFICATION BY GENDER

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF GENDER

Gender Roles in the United States

Cross-Cultural Perspective

EXPLAINING STRATIFICATION BY GENDER

The Functionalist View

The Conflict Response

The Feminist Perspective

The Interactionist Approach

WOMEN: THE OPPRESSED MAJORITY

Sexism and Sex Discrimination

Research in Action: Communication Differences between Female and Male Physicians

Sociology in the Global Community: The Head Scarf and the Veil: Complex

Symbols

Sexual Harassment

The Status of Women Worldwide

Women in the Workforce of the United States

Women: Emergence of a Collective Consciousness

MINORITY WOMEN: DOUBLE JEOPARDY

SOCIAL POLICY AND GENDER STRATIFICATION: The Battle over Abortion from a Global Perspective

13. STRATIFICATION BY AGE

AGING AND SOCIETY

EXPLAINING THE AGING PROCESS

Sociology in the Global Community: Aging Worldwide: Issues and Consequences

Functionalist Approach: Disengagement Theory

Interactionist Approach: Activity Theory

The Conflict Approach

ROLE TRANSITIONS THROUGHOUT THE LIFE COURSE

Taking Sociology to Work: A. David Roberts, Social Worker

Sociology on Campus: Adult Students

The Sandwich Generation

Adjusting to Retirement

Death and Dying

AGE STRATIFICATION IN THE UNITED STATES

The ?Graying of America?

Wealth and Income

Agesim

Competition in the Labor Force

The Elderly: Emergence of a Collective Consciousness

SOCIAL POLICY AND AGE STRATIFICATION: The Right to Die Worldwide

Part 4. Social Institutions

14. THE FAMILY AND INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS

GLOBAL VIEW OF THE FAMILY

Composition: What Is the Family?

Kinship Patterns: To Whom Are We Related?

Authority Patterns: Who Rules?

STUDYING THE FAMILY

Functionalist View

Conflict View

Sociology in the Global Community: Domestic Violence

Interactionist View

Feminist View

MARRIAGE AND FAMILY

Courtship and Mate Selection

Variations in Family Life and Intimate Relationships

Child-Rearing Patterns in Family Life

Photo Essay: What is a Family?

DIVORCE

Statistical Trends in Divorce

Factors Associated with Divorce

Impact of Divorce on Children

DIVERSE LIFESTYLES

Research in Action: The Lingering Impact of Divorce

Cohabitation

Remaining Single

Lesbian and Gay Relationships

Marriage without Children

SOCIAL POLICY AND THE FAMILY: Reproductive Technology

15. RELIGION

DURKHEIM AND THE SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO RELIGION WORLD RELIGIONS

THE ROLE OF RELIGION

The Integrative Function of Religion

Religion and Social Support

Photo Essay: Why Do Sociologists Study Religion?

Religion and Social Change

Social Inequality: The Stained Glass Ceiling

Religion and Social Control: A Conflict View

RELIGIOUS BEHAVIOR

Belief

Ritual

Experience

RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATION

Ecclesiae

Research in Action: Doing Religion

Denominations

Sects

New Religious Movements or Cults

Comparing Forms of Religious Organization

CASE STUDY: RELIGION IN INDIA

The Religious Tapestry in India

Religion and the State in India

Religion and Society in India

SOCIAL POLICY AND RELIGION: Religion in the Schools

16. EDUCATION

SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON EDUCATION

Functionalist View

Taking Sociology to Work: Ray Zapata, Business Owner and Former Regent, Texas State University

Conflict View

Interactionist View

Sociology on Campus: The Debate over Title IX

SCHOOLS AS FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS

Bureaucratization of Schools

Teachers: Employees and Instructors

Student Subcultures

Research in Action: Violence in the Schools

TRENDS IN CONTEMPORARY EDUCATION

Testing

Homeschooling

SOCIAL POLICY AND EDUCATION: School Choice Programs

17. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

POWER AND AUTHORITY

Power

Sociology in the Global Community: Terrorist Violence

Types of Authority

POLITICAL BEHAVIOR

Political Socialization

Participation and Apathy

Women in Politics

Research in Action: Why Don?t Young People Vote?

MODELS OF POWER STRUCTURE IN THE UNITED STATES

Social Inequality: Gender Quotas at the Ballot Box Power Elite Models

Pluralist Model

POLITICAL ACTIVISM ON THE INTERNET

SPECIAL POLICY AND THE GOVERNMENT: Campaign Financing

18. THE ECONOMY AND WORK

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

Capitalism

Socialism

CASE STUDY: CAPITALISM IN CHINA

Social Inequality: Working Women in Nepal

The Road to Capitalism

The Chinese Economy Today

Chinese Workers in the New Economy

ASPECTS OF WORK

Occupations and Professions

Work and Alienation: Marx?s View

Worker Satisfaction

THE CHANGING ECONOMY

The Changing Face of the Workforce

Deindustrialization

Taking Sociology to Work: Richard J. Hawk, Vice President and Financial Consultant, Smith Barney

The Contingent Workforce

The Impact of New Technology

Sociology in the Global Community: The Worldwide Jobs?Skills Mismatch

SOCIAL POLICY AND THE ECONOMY: Affirmative Action

19. HEALTH AND MEDICINE

CULTURE AND HEALTH

SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HEALTH AND ILLNESS

Functionalist Approach

Conflict Approach

Interactionist Approach

Research in Action: To Inform or Not to Inform? How Race and Ethnicity

Affect Views of Patient Autonomy

Labeling Approach

SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND HEALTH

Social Class

Research in Action: The Nun Study

Race and Ethnicity

Gender

Age

HEALTH CARE IN THE UNITED STATES

A Historical View

Physicians, Burses, and Patients

Alternatives to Traditional Health Care

Taking Sociology to Work: Erika Miles, Director, Health Programs, CVS.com

The Role of Government

MENTAL ILLNESS IN THE UNITED STATES

Theoretical Models of Mental Disorders

Patterns of Care

SOCIAL POLICY AND HEALTH: Financing Health Care Worldwide

Part 5. Changing Society

20. COMMUNITIES AND URBANIZATION

HOW DID COMMUNITIES ORIGINATE?

Early Communities

Preindustrial Cities

Industrial and Postindustrial Cities

URBANIZATION

Functionalist View: Urban Ecology

Conflict View: New Urban Sociology

Photo Essay: How Do Communities Change?

TYPES OF COMMUNITIES

Central Cities

Sociology in the Global Community: Squatter Settlements

Suburbs

Rural Communities

Research in Action: Store Wars

SOCIAL POLICY AND COMMUNITIES: Seeking Shelter Worldwide

21. POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT

DEMOGRAPHY: THE STUDY OF POPULATION

Malthus?s Thesis and Marx?s Response

Studying Population Today

Taking Sociology to Work: Kelsie Lenor Wilson-Dorsett, Deputy Director, Department of Statistics, Government of Bahamas

Elements of Demography

WORLD POPULATION PATTERNS

Demographic Transition

The Population Explosion

Sociology in the Global Community: Population Policy in China

FERTILITY PATTERNS IN THE UNITED STATES

The Baby Boom

Stable Population Growth

POPULATION AND MIGRATION

International Migration

Internal Migration

THE ENVIRONMENT

Environmental Problems: An Overview

Functionalism and Human Ecology

Conflict View of Environmental Issues

Environmental Justice

SOCIAL POLICY AND POPULATION: World Population Policy

22. COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

THEORIES OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR

Emergent-Norm Perspective

Value-Added Perspective

Assembling Perspective

FORMS OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR

Crowds

Disaster Behavior

Fads and Fashions

Panics and Crazes

Rumors

Publics and Public Opinion

Social Movements

Sociology on Campus: Antiwar Protests

Sociology in the Global Community: A New Social Movement in Rural India

COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY AND COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR

SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: Lesbian and Gay Rights

23. SOCIAL CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY

THEORIES OF SOCIAL CHANGE

Evolutionary Theory

Functionalist Theory

Conflict Theory

Global Social Change

RESISTANCE TO SOCIAL CHANGE

Economic and Cultural Factors

Sociology in the Global Community: Social Change in South Africa

Resistance to Technology

TECHNOLOGY AND THE FUTURE

Computer Technology

Biotechnology

Technological Accidents

Research in Action: The Human Genome Project

TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Culture and Social Interaction

Social Control

Stratification and Inequality

SOCIAL POLICY AND TECHNOLOGY: Privacy and Censorship in a Global Village

Glossary G-1

References R-1

Acknowledgments A-1

Photo Credits P-1

Index I-1